Relationship between Dietary Behaviors and Life Stress of Middle School Students in Gyeonggi Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The study was performed to examine the dietary behaviors and life stress of middle school students in the Gyeonggi area. METHODS: A total of 580 middle school students (295males, 285 females) in the Gyeonggi area participated in the study between July and August in 2011. The study was a questionnaire-based survey that included dietary habits, dietary behaviors, and life stress. RESULTS: For dietary habits, the score for drinking milk was higher in male students than in female students, whereas the score for eating fruits was higher in female students compared to male students. There were significant differences in foods eaten and preferred under stress between male and female students. Male students showed significantly less changes in the number of meals, amount of meal intake, number of snacks, snack intake, frequency of overeating, and appetite during stress than female students. Life stress score of students largely came from academic factors, and female students showed higher stress levels in personal and surrounding environment factors than male students. Life stress score was significantly lower in students with high and moderate levels of dietary habits than in students with a low level of dietary habits. Total score for dietary habits and scores for eating adequate amounts of foods for each meal, considering a combination of food groups at each meal and eating green and orange vegetables, were significantly negatively correlated with life stress score. Life stress score was significantly negatively correlated with meal regularity and positively with the level of overeating. CONCLUSIONS: This study may provide basic information on dietary habits and life stress according to gender and the relationship between dietary behaviors and life stress of middle school students, and it suggests gender-based nutrition education programs to solve undesirable dietary habits and dietary behaviors in students with higher stress.

Dietary behavior status and its association with study-related factors in middle school students in Gyeonggi area / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the status of dietary behavior and its association with study-related factors in middle school students. METHODS: Study-related factors, dietary habit score and dietary behaviors were surveyed by questionnaire and then analyzed. A total of 580 students in some middle schools in Gyeonggi-do participated in this study. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS for windows Ver. 22.0. RESULTS: 71.3% of the subjects slept for 6 ~ 8 hours, and the studying time outside of school was the highest (2 ~ 4 hours). The highest score for stress from studying by private lessons or academies was ‘seldom stressed’, with higher stress being observed in male students than female students. The average dietary habit score was 3.69 in male students and 3.62 in female students. The highest average time for meal eating was 10 ~ 20 minutes, with shorter times being observed for male students than female students. Eating meals was regular in most students and the highest number of snack eating was 1 ~ 2 times a day. For dietary behaviors by study-related factors, students with more than 2 hours of studying time outside of school showed higher dietary habit scores than those with less than 2 hours, who showed significantly higher rates of eating 2 meals a day. As the sleeping hours and daily average studying hours increased, the rate of regular meal eating increased significantly. CONCLUSION: The students showed good, above average dietary behaviors, but gender differences in study-related factors and dietary behaviors. Moreover, the sleeping hours and the studying time outside of school were correlated with dietary habit scores and dietary behaviors. Thus, continuous and systematic education for proper dietary behavior is needed along with greater interest in students with problems of study-related factors, particularly those due to study burden.

Effects of Sodium Intake on the Association between the Salt-Sensitive Gene, Alpha-Adducin 1 (ADD1), and Inflammatory Cytokines in the Prevalence of Children Obesity

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of sodium intake on the correlations between the salt-sensitive gene α-adducin 1 (ADD1) and inflammatory cytokines in Korean childhood obesity. METHODS: A total of 2,070 students aged 8–9 years old participated in this study. The anthropometrics, serum biochemistry profile, inflammatory cytokines, and three-day dietary assessment were analyzed according to sex, obesity degree, and ADD1 polymorphism. RESULTS: The obesity prevalence was higher in boys (15.6%) than in girls (11.9%). Boys also showed higher values in anthropometrics; lipid, glucose, and insulin profiles; total calorie intakes, as well as those of sodium and calcium compared with those of the girls. The more obese were boys and girls, the higher were the anthropometrics and the blood levels (total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood sugar, and insulin), but the lower was high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The obese boys had significantly higher sodium and Na/K intakes, while the obese girls had higher visfatin level and Na/K intake. In addition, an increase in the risk factors for blood pressure and obesity in ADD1 variants was identified. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) significantly increased with increasing sodium intake in the ADD1 W allele carriers, regardless of sex. The presence of obesity with the ADD1 W allele induced inflammatory accelerators such as TNF-α or C-reactive protein(CRP) with higher sodium intake. CONCLUSION: Obese children with an ADD1w allele can experience a more complex form of obesity than non-obese when exposed to an obesity-inducing environment and need to be controlled sodium intake in the diet.

A Case of Spontaneous Internal Carotid Artery Dissection Presenting as a Seizure without Focal Neurologic Signs

Craniocervical artery dissection is an uncommon cause of acute ischemic stroke in children, although it is an important cause of stroke in young and middle-aged patients. Among craniocervical artery dissection, internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection usually presents with focal neurologic deficits, such as acute hemiparesis. However, if it presents with only non-localizing signs, such as headache and seizure, ICA dissection may be overlooked in a differential diagnosis. Here we describe an 8-year-old boy who had spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection presenting as a seizure without focal neurologic signs. The patient was admitted to the emergency department because of seizure. On arrival at the emergency department, focal neurologic signs, such as motor weakness, were not observed. The patient had no recent trauma history. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffusion-restriction in the left basal ganglia. Magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomography angiography, and cerebral angiography demonstrated occlusion of the left distal ICA with tapered stenosis (so-called “string sign”). The patient was treated with aspirin and oxcarbazepine to prevent thrombosis and further seizures. Three-month follow-up MRA revealed apparent improvement of the occlusion of the left distal internal carotid artery. The patient had no neurologic deficits or further seizures in the outpatient clinic 13 months after discharge. This case demonstrated that acute ischemic stroke resulting from ICA dissection can occur with seizures without focal neurologic signs. In addition, ICA dissection should be considered as a possible cause of acute ischemic stroke even in children with no history of trauma.

A Case of Spontaneous Internal Carotid Artery Dissection Presenting as a Seizure without Focal Neurologic Signs

Craniocervical artery dissection is an uncommon cause of acute ischemic stroke in children, although it is an important cause of stroke in young and middle-aged patients. Among craniocervical artery dissection, internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection usually presents with focal neurologic deficits, such as acute hemiparesis. However, if it presents with only non-localizing signs, such as headache and seizure, ICA dissection may be overlooked in a differential diagnosis. Here we describe an 8-year-old boy who had spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection presenting as a seizure without focal neurologic signs. The patient was admitted to the emergency department because of seizure. On arrival at the emergency department, focal neurologic signs, such as motor weakness, were not observed. The patient had no recent trauma history. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffusion-restriction in the left basal ganglia. Magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomography angiography, and cerebral angiography demonstrated occlusion of the left distal ICA with tapered stenosis (so-called “string sign”). The patient was treated with aspirin and oxcarbazepine to prevent thrombosis and further seizures. Three-month follow-up MRA revealed apparent improvement of the occlusion of the left distal internal carotid artery. The patient had no neurologic deficits or further seizures in the outpatient clinic 13 months after discharge. This case demonstrated that acute ischemic stroke resulting from ICA dissection can occur with seizures without focal neurologic signs. In addition, ICA dissection should be considered as a possible cause of acute ischemic stroke even in children with no history of trauma.

Neurologic Manifestations of Enterovirus 71 Infection in Korea

Enterovirus 71 frequently involves the central nervous system and may present with a variety of neurologic manifestations. Here, we aimed to describe the clinical features, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profiles of patients presenting with neurologic complications of enterovirus 71 infection. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 31 pediatric patients hospitalized with acute neurologic manifestations accompanied by confirmed enterovirus 71 infection at Ulsan University Hospital between 2010 and 2014. The patients' mean age was 2.9 ± 5.5 years (range, 18 days to 12 years), and 80.6% of patients were less than 4 years old. Based on their clinical features, the patients were classified into 4 clinical groups: brainstem encephalitis (n = 21), meningitis (n = 7), encephalitis (n = 2), and acute flaccid paralysis (n = 1). The common neurologic symptoms included myoclonus (58.1%), lethargy (54.8%), irritability (54.8%), vomiting (48.4%), ataxia (38.7%), and tremor (35.5%). Twenty-five patients underwent an MRI scan; of these, 14 (56.0%) revealed the characteristic increased T2 signal intensity in the posterior region of the brainstem and bilateral cerebellar dentate nuclei. Twenty-six of 30 patients (86.7%) showed CSF pleocytosis. Thirty patients (96.8%) recovered completely without any neurologic deficits; one patient (3.2%) died due to pulmonary hemorrhage and shock. In the present study, brainstem encephalitis was the most common neurologic manifestation of enterovirus 71 infection. The characteristic clinical symptoms such as myoclonus, ataxia, and tremor in conjunction with CSF pleocytosis and brainstem lesions on MR images are pathognomonic for diagnosis of neurologic involvement by enterovirus 71 infection.

Effects of the C3G/D3G anthocyanins-rich black soybean testa extracts on improvement of lipid profiles in STZ-induced diabetic rats / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of black soybean (CJ-3) testa extracts on lipid profiles in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS: One control group and four STZ-induced diabetic groups with different doses of black soybean (CJ-3) testa extracts treatment [0 mg/kg (diabetic control, EX), 250 mg/kg (EX-250), 500 mg/kg (EX-500), 1,000 mg/kg (EX-1000)] were orally administered for 4 weeks. RESULTS: All CJ-3 treatment groups had remarkably lower serum triglyceride (TG) levels than that of EX group (p < 0.05) whereas hepatic TG contents did not show any differences. Results from serum total cholesterol (TC) concentrations of EX-250 and EX-1000 groups were decreased compared to EX group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, protein levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase from the liver decreased in all treatment groups (p < 0.05). However, significant differences were not observed in serum glucose and insulin, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) protein expression in skeletal muscle tissue. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that black soybean testa extracts could be useful for improvement of hyperlipidemia and hypercholesteremia in diabetes.

Enterovirus 71 Brainstem Encephalitis Presenting with Pulmonary Hemorrhage and Acute Heart Failure

Enterovirus 71 has been recognized as being highly central nervous system (CNS) involved and presents with diverse neurologic manifestations. Brainstem encephalitis is the most common neurologic manifestation of CNS involvement by enterovirus 71, and manifests myoclonus, ataxia, tremor, and autonomic dysfunction such as pulmonary hemorrhage. Here we report a 31-month-old girl with enterovirus 71 brainstem encephalitis presenting with pulmonary hemorrhage and acute heart failure. The patient was admitted to emergency department of our hospital due to high-grade fever, vomiting, myoclonus, and tremor 4 days after hand, foot and mouth disease. Four hours after admission, the patient presented with pulmonary hemorrhage and acute heart failure. CSF analysis demonstrated white blood cell 60/mm3, red blood cell 1/mm3, protein 43.0 mg/dL, and glucose 149 mg/dL. Despite aggressive management including intravenous immunoglobulin, milrinone and empirical antimicrobial therapy, the patient died due to uncontrolled pulmonary hemorrhage and shock in 15 hours after admission at emergency department. In stool specimen obtained from the patient, enterovirus 71 (subgenotype C4a) was detected. This case suggests that an early diagnosis of central nervous system involvement in patient with enterovirus 71 infection is vital because brainstem encephalitis resulting from enterovirus 71 infection can rapidly progress to the critical state of disease.

Rectal Prolapse Complicated withC lostridium difficile-associated Pseudomembranous Colitis in a Child / 계명의대학술지

Among the complications of Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infection, rectal prolapse has been very rarely reported in children. We report a 29-month-old girl who presented with rectal prolapse complicated with C. difficile-associated pseudomembranous colitis following 3-week course of oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for treatment of acute otitis media. The patient complained of fever, abdominal pain and mucoid bloody diarrhea. She also showed a protruded and everted rectal mucosa with discrete white-yellowish exudative plaques. Abdominal CT scan revealed a diffuse wall thickening with mucosal enhancement of the rectosigmoid colon. Both stool culture and toxin assay for C. difficile were positive. Her symptoms were completely improved with oral metronidazole treatment. C. diffile-associated pseudomembranous colitis should be considered as a rare but possible cause of rectal prolapse in children who have recently received antibiotic therapy.

Prevalence of Possible von Willebrand Disease / 임상소아혈액종양

BACKGROUND: Definition of possible von Willebrand disease (VWD) included levels of von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag) or von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo) below 30 U/dL. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of possible VWD in Ulsan, Korea. We also analyzed the influence of demographic factors such as age, gender, and blood group on subject levels of VWF. METHODS: Between March 2011 and September 2011 we prospectively investigated 1,039 subjects (271 children, 768 adults). Blood samples were collected for the determination of VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo, and factor VIII coagulation assay (FVIII:C). A standardized questionnaire was administered to evaluate hemorrhagic symptoms at the time of first examination, using a bleeding score ranging from 0 to 3. RESULTS: Forty five subjects met the criteria for possible VWD, for a prevalence of 4.3%. Subjects of Group O had a significantly lower mean FVIII:C, VWF:Ag, and VWF:RCo value than subjects of group A,B, or AB (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the prevalence of VWD may be much higher than previously reported. Efforts to increase the awareness and diagnosis of VWD may help improve identification of patients with bleeding disorders and lead to early, appropriate management with safe and efficacious therapies.

Prevalence of Possible von Willebrand Disease / 임상소아혈액종양

BACKGROUND: Definition of possible von Willebrand disease (VWD) included levels of von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag) or von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo) below 30 U/dL. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of possible VWD in Ulsan, Korea. We also analyzed the influence of demographic factors such as age, gender, and blood group on subject levels of VWF.METHODS: Between March 2011 and September 2011 we prospectively investigated 1,039 subjects (271 children, 768 adults). Blood samples were collected for the determination of VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo, and factor VIII coagulation assay (FVIII:C). A standardized questionnaire was administered to evaluate hemorrhagic symptoms at the time of first examination, using a bleeding score ranging from 0 to 3.RESULTS: Forty five subjects met the criteria for possible VWD, for a prevalence of 4.3%. Subjects of Group O had a significantly lower mean FVIII:C, VWF:Ag, and VWF:RCo value than subjects of group A,B, or AB (P<0.001).CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the prevalence of VWD may be much higher than previously reported. Efforts to increase the awareness and diagnosis of VWD may help improve identification of patients with bleeding disorders and lead to early, appropriate management with safe and efficacious therapies.

Association between Compliance with Dietary Guidelines and Dyslipidemia among Koreans

While metabolic syndrome (MS) is rapidly expanding and dietary pattern, the known risk factor of MS, goes through heavy transition to western diet, not many researches have been done on the association between dyslipidemia and dietary factors in Korean adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between compliance with dietary guidelines and dyslipidemia among Koreans. The subjects of 399 adults who visited health examination center were classified into dyslipidemia (n = 180) and control (n = 219). Diagnosis of dyslipidemia was based on NCEPATPIII criteria (triglyceride > = 150 mg/d, HDL-C < 50 mg/dl for male, HDL-C < 40 mg/dl for female). A questionnaire based interview was done to collect information on compliance with dietary guidelines, general characteristics and health related behaviors. Anthropometric variables were measured during the survey. Mean compliance score of dietary guideline was significantly lower in dyslipidemia group than in control. It was associated negatively with waist circumference and positively with serum HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05). Risks of dyslipidemia were significantly decreased in the group with highest dietary guideline score; high serum triglyceride levels (OR = 0.484, 95% CI = 0.268-0.875), abdominal obesity (OR = 0.296, 95% CI = 0.159-0.553), and dyslipidemia (OR = 0.481, 95% CI = 0.266-0.869). These results indicated that increasing compliance with dietary guidelines could be an effective strategy to lower the risk of dyslipidemia among Koreans.

Age Related Serosurvey of Immunity to Tetanus in Korean Populations / 감염

BACKGROUND: The incidence of tetanus in adults and neonatal tetanus have been markedly reduced by world-wide use of DTP vaccines. But, tetanus is still one kind of major health problems in many developing countries, and several serosurvey stduies in developed countries revealed that substantial proportions of adult population may lack immunity against tetanus and immunity level against tetanus is continuously decreasing by age. In Korea, tetanus outbreaks have been disappeared since the 1980s by high acceptant DTaP vaccination rates. Annually, few tetanus patient has been reported since 1990s. But, there have been no seroepidemiological studies to tetanus, no trials to assess tetanus immunizations. And we do not use Td vaccine in adults for maintaning tetanus immunity. In this aspect, we conducted age related survey of immunity to tetanus and indirectly assessed the immunogenecity of tetanus vaccines, used in Korea. METHODS: For the evaluation of age related serosurvey of tetanus immunity in Korean population, study subjects were classified into 16 groups (A~J group; below 10 years with one year interval, K~O group; 11~60 yrs with 10 years interval, P group; over 60 yrs). The numbers of each group were 100, and sex distributions of each group were almostly equal. And for the indirect assessment of tetanus immunization in Korean children, children under 15 years old age were classified into 6 groups (I~VI) according to the status of DTaP vaccination. The numbers of this each group were 50, and sex ratio was almostly equal. Specific IgG antibody to tetanus toxin were detected by ELISA. And the ANOVA repeated t-test was used to compare antibody levels in study groups. RESULTS: In age related groups, the antibody levels to tetanus toxin were well maintained until 20 years old age group (L group), but thereafter the titers abruptly decreased below 0.1 IU/mL and over 75% populations among the groups over 30 years old age needed maintenance of protective immunity to tetanus. The antibody level of male was statistically higher than that of female in P group. In the groups related DTaP vaccination status, the antibody titer was very low in prevaccination group (I), but the titers after primary vaccinations were sharply increased and highly maintained until 15 years. CONCLUSOIN: The results of our study revealed that the immunity to tetanus was dramatically decreased in age groups over 30 years old. This result indicates that Td vaccination program in adults should be considered for maintenance of immunity to tetanus. And our study indicate that DTaP vaccination programs and vaccines, used in Korea, are effective for acquisition and maintenance of tetanus immunity in Korean children.

Age Related Seroepidemiological Study of Diphtheria among Koreans / 감염

BACKGROUND: The incidence of diphtheria has been markedly reduced and almostly eradicated by widespread use of DTP vaccines in developed countries. However, outbreaks of this disease may be occurred under some circumstances of ineffective immunization. In recent time, some studies reported persistent outbreaks of diphtheria in developed countries and indicated the existence of a large pool of susceptible individuals with potential for epidemic infection. In Korea, diphtheria vaccination has been well maintained since 1956 with high acceptant vaccination rates. So, there has been no reported diphtheria patient since 1987. But, there has been few study to diphtheria serosuvey, and no assessment of diphtheria immunization. Also, we do not use Td vaccine in adults for maintenance of diphtheria immunity. In this aspect, we conducted age related seroepidemiology of diphtheria and indirectly assessed the immunity of diphtheria vaccines, used in Korea. METHODS: For the evaluation of age related serosurvey of diphtheria immunity in Korean populations, study subjects below 10 years old aged children were classified into 10 groups (A~J) with one year interval, and beyond this age to 60 years old aged adults were classified into 5 group (K~O) with 10 years interval. And the adults over 60 years old age was classified into the last group (P). The numbers of each group were 100, and sex distributions of each group were almostly equal. And for the indirect assessment of diphtheria immunization in Korean children, children under 15 years old were classified into 6 groups (I~ VI) according to the status of DTaP vaccination. The numbers of this each group were 30, and sex ratio was almostly equal. Detection of specific IgG antibody to diphtheria toxin were determined by ELISA (contained fragment A & B toxin; IBL, Germany). RESULTS: In age related groups, the antibody titers to diphtheria toxin were well maintained until 10 years old age group, thereafter the titers abruptly decreased below 0.1 IU/mL and then slightly elevated after 30 years old age group and then maintained with low levels. In the groups related DTaP vaccine status, the antibody titers were very low (below 0.07 IU/mL) in prevaccination status, but the titers after primary vaccinations were markedly increased and maintained (above 0.6 IU/mL) until 15 years. And diphtheria antitoxin levels in the groups (L, M, N) showed no significant differences between males and females. CONCLUSION: The results of our study showed that the antibody titers to diphtheria toxin in the 20~50 years old aged groups dramatically decreased. This result indicated that vaccine induced diphtheria immunity did not last throughout life, and Td vaccination program in adults should be considered for maintenance of diphtheria immunity. And the immunity to diphtheria in Korean children indicated that 3 timesprimary and 2 times booster diphtheria immunizations were optimal.

A Comparative Study on Food Habits and Nutrient Intakes among High School Students with Different Obesity Indexes Residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to compare food habits and nutrient intakes among high school students with different obesity indexes who are residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do. a total of 533 subjects were assigned to one of the following groups based on BMI : underweight, normal-weight and overweight. Food habits and nutrient intakes were evaluated based on questionnaires and 24hr-dietary record. The results were as follows. There was no significant differences in the general environmental characteristics of subjects with different BMI. However, the father's BMI was significantly higher in overweight female students compared to underweight or normal weight subjects. The menarch age was significantly decreased as the obesity increased. The self-satisfaction score for physical type was decreased as the BMI increased. The overweight group skipped dinner more frequently the other groups among male students. There was no significant difference in the scores of nutrition knowledge, nutritional attitude, and self -satisfaction of subjects with different BMI. The nutrient intakes of overweight group were the lowest among the three groups. In conclusion, obesity among female students may be related to family member's obesity. Also overweight students tend to have lower self satisfaction for their body image and undesirable food habits. Therefore, proper nutrition education is required to maintain desirable food habits for overweight students.

A Study of Obesity Indices of Korean Adolescents and Related Factors / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of body mass index with environmental and dietary factors including nutrition knowledge, and nutrition attitude of Korean adolescents. Anthropometric measurements, questionnaire responses, and 24-hour dietary records of 531 elementary, 543 middle, and 533 high school students residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do were collected. Data was analysed using SAS computer program. The results are as follows. Mean BMI of elementary school boys was higher than that of girls. However, there were no significant differences in mean BMI between sexes both in middle and high school students. Calcium and iron consumption were lowest among elementary and middle school students, respectively when the intake was expressed as a percentage of the Korean RDA. Energy, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, and vitamin C intakes(% RDA) were lowest among high school students. The factors influencing BMI of elementary students were BMI of the parents in boys, and BMI of the father in girls. In middle school students, energy intake, fathers BMI, mothers nutrition knowledge and students BMI, and nutrition knowledge were related to the obesity indices of boys, while fathers and mothers BMI were related to the mean obesity index of girls. In high school students, nutrition knowledge and mothers nutrition attitude were related to the obesity index of boys, while BMI of parents was related to the obesity index of girls. In conclusion, mothers and fathers BMI were the most common factors influencing the BMI of these adolescents. Although these results can not determine if food behaviour directly affects BMI, it may influence the BMIs of family members, and therefore nutrition education to keep normal weight and desiradle food habits should be emphasized. More systematic studies to investigate the cause-effect relations of these factors are required.

A Study of Obesity Indices of Korean Adolescents and Related Factors / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of body mass index with environmental and dietary factors including nutrition knowledge, and nutrition attitude of Korean adolescents. Anthropometric measurements, questionnaire responses, and 24-hour dietary records of 531 elementary, 543 middle, and 533 high school students residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do were collected. Data was analysed using SAS computer program. The results are as follows. Mean BMI of elementary school boys was higher than that of girls. However, there were no significant differences in mean BMI between sexes both in middle and high school students. Calcium and iron consumption were lowest among elementary and middle school students, respectively when the intake was expressed as a percentage of the Korean RDA. Energy, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, and vitamin C intakes(% RDA) were lowest among high school students. The factors influencing BMI of elementary students were BMI of the parents in boys, and BMI of the father in girls. In middle school students, energy intake, fathers BMI, mothers nutrition knowledge and students BMI, and nutrition knowledge were related to the obesity indices of boys, while fathers and mothers BMI were related to the mean obesity index of girls. In high school students, nutrition knowledge and mothers nutrition attitude were related to the obesity index of boys, while BMI of parents was related to the obesity index of girls. In conclusion, mothers and fathers BMI were the most common factors influencing the BMI of these adolescents. Although these results can not determine if food behaviour directly affects BMI, it may influence the BMIs of family members, and therefore nutrition education to keep normal weight and desiradle food habits should be emphasized. More systematic studies to investigate the cause-effect relations of these factors are required.

Study on the Temperature Measurement in the Newborn Infants

No abstract available.

Reye's Syndrome 5 Cases of Report and Review of Literatures

Authors had experienced 5 cases of Reye's syndrome in a 15mo. old female patient, 16mo. old male patient, two cases of 4 years old male patients, and 9mo. old male infant who were compatible with this syndrome since Mar. 1976. 2 cases of this patients have been recovered and observed at O.P.D. of ped. Department. Laboratory findings disclosed increased SGOT, SGPT, LDH, blood ammonia levels atthe all cases and decreased FBS and CSF sugar levels. Liver biopsy showed diffuse fatty metamorphosis of hepatic cells. A brief review of the related literaturre was also presented.

A Case of Omphalocele

Omphalocele is a rare congenital malformation which is a herniation of the abdominal viscera into the base of the umbilical cord. We experienced a ruptured large omphalocele of short duration which contained of intestines, stomach, liver and speen without major of additional anomalies. He was repaired with the simple skin converage as a part of second staged operation. He had an eventful postoperative course but wad discharged on the 52th postoperative days with the good condition and with the plan of repair of ventral hernia about 1 year. Here, the literature on omphalocele was reviewed with the experienced case briefly.